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+# FreeTable Backend Dockerfile
+# Multi-stage build for production
+
+# ============== Builder Stage ==============
+FROM python:3.11-slim as builder
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Install build dependencies
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    gcc \
+    libpq-dev \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Install Python dependencies
+COPY backend/requirements.txt .
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --user -r requirements.txt
+
+# ============== Production Stage ==============
+FROM python:3.11-slim
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Install runtime dependencies only
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    libpq5 \
+    curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Create non-root user for security
+RUN groupadd -r freetable && useradd -r -g freetable freetable
+
+# Copy installed packages from builder
+COPY --from=builder /root/.local /home/freetable/.local
+
+# Copy application code
+COPY --chown=freetable:freetable backend/app ./app
+COPY --chown=freetable:freetable backend/requirements.txt .
+COPY --chown=freetable:freetable backend/run.py .
+
+# Set environment variables
+ENV PATH=/home/freetable/.local/bin:$PATH \
+    PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 \
+    PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 \
+    PYTHONPATH=/app
+
+# Switch to non-root user
+USER freetable
+
+# Expose port
+EXPOSE 8000
+
+# Health check
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
+    CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1
+
+# Run with Gunicorn for production
+CMD ["sh", "-c", "pip install gunicorn --quiet && exec gunicorn app.main:app \
+    --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 \
+    --workers 2 \
+    --threads 4 \
+    --worker-class uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker \
+    --access-logfile - \
+    --error-logfile - \
+    --capture-output \
+    --enable-stdio-inheritance"]
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